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By Gareth John Macdonald - January 31, 2024
Machine learning (ML) could allow drug firms to create predictive process models that optimize development, production, and quality control. But, before embracing ML on the factory floor, manufacturers will need data to “train” the computer algorithms that drive the approach. And this means having process sensors sophisticated enough to track multiple parameters in real-time in highly complex cell cultures according to an industry expert.
Machine learning is a specialized form of artificial intelligence in which computer programs learn to solve tasks or understand the dynamics of complex systems with minimal or no direction. The process is iterative, and the solutions improve over time as more data is introduced.
This need for training data is driving innovation in process sensors, says Govind Rao, PhD, who is director of the Center for Advanced Sensor Technology at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
“At the end of the day, AI/ML tools will allow for process monitoring to be simplified once data are generated at scale to relate process conditions to critical quality attributes. The need to run QC tests on quarantined bulk drug substance will be greatly reduced,” he explains. “However, to get there will require high-density process monitoring to allow ML/AI algorithms to relate process conditions to off-line measurements such as glycosylation, aggregation, etc.”
]]>Celebrating our CBEE students at the GEARS (Graduate Experience, Achievements & Research Symposium) 2024. Sahar Souizi, Environmental Engineering PhD student in Dr. Blaney’s Lab, clinched the runner-up title, and Revati Kadolkar, Chemical and Biochemical Engineering PhD, under Dr. Frey & CAST, seized the People's Choice Award.
Congratulations Sahar and Revati, for your outstanding achievements!
GEARS provides a platform for students to showcase their creative achievements, present research accomplishments, and share their experiences with peers. GEARS aims to provide a friendly atmosphere to promote collaboration, improve communication skills, and celebrate the hard work of UMBC graduate students.
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A PDF of the report with images, is available using the "Download Document" button at the bottom of the story on the myUMBC post.
Tithi Prajapati, Krisha Pandya, Kalina Kostova
Tithi Prajapati is a rising undergraduate sophomore pursuing a Bioinformatics and Computational Biology degree at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. She is a Meyerhoff Scholar at UMBC. Her program supports the mission of increasing the number of Ph.D. for minorities in the STEM field. Being part of such a program, and her dedication to obtaining a Ph.D., she has decided to get research experience to learn the skills and techniques which will be critical in her educational journey. She started working in the Center of Advanced Sensor Technology (CAST) because she found that CAST had various projects where she could learn various skills, both biological and technological, which are fit for her major. She enjoys working with CAST and being part of such a diverse and welcoming group. Being here only for a short time so far, she has learned multiple things -- working on the nitrate absorbance data, CO2 sensor, and creating microfluidic chips -- and she can't wait to expand her knowledge.
Krisha Pandya is a rising high school senior at Franklin High School, Baltimore County. An avid member of the Science Olympiad chapter at her school, she has found a passion for STEM over the three years of her participation there. She was introduced to CAST this summer and has assisted in several projects, under the guidance of amazing mentors. Krisha has worked with the time to conduct trial experiments for CO2 sensors and nitrate testing in tap water and DI samples. She now looks forward to planning her next academic year, applying to colleges.
Kalina Kostova is a rising freshman in high school, attending Centennial High School in Howard County, Maryland. While she might not have much experience in the STEM field, she has always been curious about it and is eager to expand her knowledge. During her internship at CAST, she helped collect nitrate absorbance data. Kalina is very grateful for everything she was taught by her mentors and for their responsiveness to any issues she faced during this experience. She is interested in pursuing a career in STEM in the future and looks forward to working with others in similar fields.
STEM is an acronym grouping together fundamental interdisciplinary principles: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. It is a commonplace term pertinent to the conversation of the various technical undergraduate degrees and career possibilities today.
To understand the situation in STEM, we interviewed a few women in STEM. In the interview, they all gave similar responses to the question, "how do you maintain a good balance between your personal and professional life?"
Revati Kadolkar, a graduate student at the University of Maryland-Baltimore County said, "it is a challenge."
Like the other interviewees, she describes that the gender gap is very much prominent and that the household duties do eventually take a toll. Kadolkar positively affirms the importance of consistency though -- women must enable themselves to be consistent through their work to create their impact.
STEM fields have been primarily male-dominated, despite some developments in the 20th and 21st centuries[1]. From an MIT study, in 2023, the percentage of women in the STEM workforce comes to a marginal 28% around the world. When comparing statistics of other big nations specifically, we see that the United States has 24%, European Union has 17%, Japan has 16%, and India has 14% women in the STEM workforce [3]. Hence, not just in the US, this is a worldwide problem. Women are largely seen working lower-level administration positions at lower pay rates than their male counterparts.
Statistics show women in healthcare comprise 80% of total employment, but a closer look at the statistics evidences only 21% of this population holds upper executive positions even in healthcare [6]. Women are much less likely to have stature enabling them as authoritative figures responsible for decision-making and upper management. Their skill sets are undermined evident by the continual absences of more women in the engineering and computational science areas, and surgery.
In an interview with Dr. Sadhika Jamisetti, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at UT Southwestern Medical Center, she points out, "In terms of female to male ratio, we actually have more females, because I'm in family medicine, but if you get out of family medicine and you go to different specialties, like surgical, especially surgical, might not see as many women...". She still believes there is hope, and aspires that one day there will be more women in STEM. Excelling in multiple specialties, not confined to just one.
Dr. Prerna Joshi, working more at the technical forefront, also feels similarly. A senior scientistelectrochemistry at Xerion Advanced Battery Corp in Ohio, she says, "In the field of electrochemistry I have not seen more women, they either go in biology as in pursuing medicine or in chemistry as in polymer related things but they don't usually go towards the physics kind of field in science." But she too hopes that this problem will be fixed soon.
Women are more involved in the social standpoint of the world. They are more likely to read blogs, make up a huge audience of social media content readers, and generally they tend to stay more engaged in world affairs than men [4]. Having such strong involvement adds value to their perspective and their activeness and dedication proves to be of significant value towards the society. A strong attribute of females that STEM cannot put away. Not just females, diversity in STEM is critical as a whole.
When seeking a solution to challenges and problems faced, the lack of diversity in STEM acts as a barrier. Increasing diversity in the STEM field will bring new ideas and creativity, which will only help foster more development within STEM. This development is only possible when multiple perspectives are taken into account. STEM should be more inclusive of minority groups including not just women, but marginalized racial groups and children.
With the many opportunities and career choices today, lies the future of the new generation. This new generation needs to be informed on how they can contribute to the advancement and progression of their lives by being part of STEM. Diversifying STEM is diversifying an ideology that promotes stronger collaboration and unity.
Dr. Sai Kiran Mani, how she found her way
"It's amazing how different minds think differently. [It makes for] a dynamic environment."
As postdoctoral fellow at UMBC, Dr. Sai Kiran Mani focuses her research on the development of low-cost and effective sensors for water samples, specifically nitrate sensor. She is a strong believer that passion drives an individual and firmly stands for collaboration in the workspace.
According to her, having mentors and experts who are willing to give their guidance helps alleviate the pressure of benchwork in STEM.
Dr. Preety Ahuja, on why she chose STEM
Dr. Preety Ahuja is an Assistant Research Scientist at UMBC with a Ph.D. in Electrochemistry from the University of Delhi, India. A reputed member of the Center for Advanced Sensor Technology (CAST) here at UMBC and as a mother, Dr. Ahuja has shifted her research focus to the development of non-invasive room-temperature CO2 monitors for neonates.
Dr. Ahuja decided she wanted to make safer sensors that would not be irritable to newborns with sensitive skin. Current CO2 sensors for newborn care are within the temperature ranges of 44-45 degrees Centigrade; these temperatures are extreme for younger children, especially neonates [7].
In her statement, she mentions she wanted to do this for her daughter. She has first-hand witness of the technologies used for neonate care and opines that huge improvements are needed within healthcare especially on technologies for postnatal and neonatal care. She aspires to initiate the change through CAST.
At CAST, she has the freedom to be able to begin her project. The reason Dr. Ahuja was able to do this is because she had the opportunity to do so -- something not many women have access to.
Dr. Pegah Rezaei, on her journey to the US
Dr. Pegah Rezaei has been part of the CAST team at UMBC. She described her experience in Medical School in Turkey, where medical students from neighboring countries would come to Turkey to study. She realized the differences in medical advancement even between borders, not everyone has the same access to medicine.
To explore this, she got interested in research, and came to the US to start her post doctorate after medical school. As part of her research, she has been working on developing the CO2 monitoring device relevant to the escalating opioid crisis.
These three women with three different backgrounds yet they come together to work in a lab in another country. Together they continue to show their knowledge and motivation towards research by being strong leaders in their respective fields, working towards the creation of low-cost and highly effective sensors such as nitrate and CO2 sensors.
There are fewer women relative to men in STEM. Even fewer minority-based women. There is a need for regulation in underdeveloped policies and agendas which facilitates a culture where women are discredited and remain segregated in the opportunities they are given to succeed. To say the least, America has yet to cross the 50% benchmark but there is still change to come about, slowly but surely.
We would like to thank Dr. Venkatesh Srinivasan, the Assistant Professor at CAST, for giving us the opportunity to write this paper and for setting up interviews. We would like to extend our appreciation to the interviewees, Dr. Preeti, Dr. Sai Kiran Mani, Dr. Sadhika, Dr. Joshi, Dr. Pegah, and Revati Kadolkar. They have all been a great source of inspiration for us.
We lastly extend our gratitude to Dr. Govind Rao, the Director and Chairman of CAST, who has welcomed us to be a part of the CAST team. Thank you.
1. Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). EPA. https://www.epa.gov/perspectives/whyrepresentation-matters-girls-and-women-stem
2. Filed in Employment Trends Data and Technology Career Information By: Emily Krutsch, V. R. - N. 4. (n.d.). Stem day: Explore growing careers. DOL Blog. https://blog.dol.gov/2022/11/04/stem-day-explore-growing-careers
3. The gender gap in Stem. MIT Professional Education. (2023, July 12). https://professionalprograms.mit.edu/blog/leadership/the-gender-gap-in-stem
4. Posts. (2022, March 2). The importance of women in STEM: Why diversity matters. Her Culture. https://www.herculture.org/blog/2022/3/2/the-importance-of-women-in-stem-whydiversity-matters
5. Special topics annual report: Women in the stem. US EEOC. (n.d.). https://www.eeoc.gov/special-topics-annual-report-women-stem
6. The stem gap: Women and girls in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. AAUW. (2022, March 3). https://www.aauw.org/resources/research/the-stem-gap/
7. Use of transcutaneous CO2 monitoring in NICU (May 2019). (n.d.). https://www.ashfordstpeters.net
Photo credit: Tithi Prajapati. Krisha Pandya, Kalina Kostova and Tithi Prajpati (From left to right)
IFPAC has been leading the way in Advanced Manufacturing Science for over 35 years.
The annual conference 'IFPAC 2023' held June 4-7, 2023 in North Bethesda, MD and attended by more than 400 people focused on 'A Framework for the future, advanced manufacturing quality & innovation'.
Many students presented their research during two poster sessions. UMBC graduate students mentored by CBEE faculty earned first and second places for the best student poster presentations.
1st place winner:
2nd place winners:
The quick and portable production process, described in a newly accepted paper in the journal New Biotechnology, could be easily deployed at the source of a future virus outbreak
A multidisciplinary research team has produced a promising virus-fighting protein using a quick, portable process that could be easily deployed at the source of a future virus outbreak. The team includes researchers from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Stanford University, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Center for Advanced Translational Science. The research has been accepted for publication in the journal New Biotechnology.
Griffithsin is a protein originally isolated from red algae. More than a decade ago, researchers in the Molecular Targets Program of the NCI discovered it could protect cells from the HIV virus and it is now in Phase 1 clinical trials in humans. Griffithsin sticks to the surface glycoproteins of certain viruses, making it difficult for the virus to enter host cells. (Glycoproteins are proteins with sugar molecules on them.)
“It’s like taking clay and sticking it to the prongs of an electrical plug to prevent it from entering a socket,” says Govind Rao, a professor of chemical and biochemical engineering at UMBC who is one of the lead researchers on the project. The protein disables a wide range of viruses, including the virus that causes COVID-19.
Medicines that are made with biological molecules like griffithsin are called biologics. They are normally manufactured in huge batches using living cells such as E.coli bacteria. (The cells are given DNA-encoded instructions for how to make the medicine.) However, that method has drawbacks, including the need to keep the cells alive.
Rao and his colleagues developed a method to manufacture griffithsin that does not require living cells. Instead, the researchers take the protein-manufacturing “guts” out of the cells. Into this soup of cellular components, they then add the DNA instructions for making griffithsin, along with the needed molecular building blocks.
“The cellular machinery still works, even without a living cell to support it,” says Rao. “The method is simple and effective.”
Using cell-free manufacturing methods, the researchers produced significant quantities of griffithsin in less than 24 hours. They purified the protein to strict standards and demonstrated in lab experiments that it could disable both HIV and SARS-CoV-2 virusesas effectively as the same griffithsin protein made by living cells.
The researchers envision that the method could be quickly deployed to make antiviral medicine at the origin of disease outbreaks. The method could be easily adapted to work with a portable, suitcase-sized biologics manufacturing device, dubbed Bio-MOD, that Rao and a team of mostly UMBC researchers recently developed. They described the device in a 2018 paper in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering.
The new griffithsin protein manufacturing process together with the portable Bio-MOD device could be a powerful weapon to quickly combat new viruses before they spread.
How To Develop Safe And Effective Medications | Exploring The Next Generation Of Therapeutics
What will the next generation of medicine production look like? Dr. Govind Rao is a Professor of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, and the Director of the Center for Advanced Sensor Technology at the University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC) joins us today to discuss the importance of constructing safe and effective medications – standards that are harder to reach than one may think…
Listen to Govind Rao here: bit.ly/3KdhTr7
Episode also available on Apple Podcasts: apple.co/30PvU9C
Research led by Dr. Govind Rao, Director of Center for Advanced Sensor Technology and professor in the department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering is featured in a recent article posted on leaps.org titled “With This New Technology, Hospitals and Pharmacies Could Make Vaccines and Medicines Onsite, 2023” The story was written based on a preprint of a paper with Shayan Borhani, Chemical Engineering PhD candidate as the first author. Aaron Thole, Chemical Engineering PhD student and Dr. Doug Frey, professor in the department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering are also co-authors. (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521044v1).
The article describes a process to develop a compelling pandemic mitigation strategy to promptly suppress viral emergence at the source of an outbreak using proteins such as GRFT which are efficacious in neutralizing a broad range of viruses. This process is shown to produce a product with consistent purity and potency in less than 24 hours using cell-free biomanufacturing.
The collaborators demonstrated GRFT production using two independent cell-free systems, one plant and one microbial. Griffithsin purity and quality were verified using standard regulatory metrics. Efficacy was demonstrated in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 and was nearly identical to that of GRFT expressed in vivo. The proposed production process is efficient and can be readily scaled up and deployed anywhere in the world where a viral pathogen might emerge. The current emergence of viral variants has resulted in frequent updating of existing vaccines and loss of efficacy for front-line monoclonal antibody therapies.
Dr. Rao wants to advance technology to the point where any hospital or pharmacy could load up the media containing molecular factories, mix up the necessary amino acids, nucleotides, and enzymes, and harvest the medications in a matter of hours. This will enable on-site and on-demand medication production. Once this approach is thoroughly validated it might revolutionize medicine-making even outside of hospitals and pharmacies and extend beyond urgent situations.
]]>Dr. Rao, Dr. Frey and graduate students from the Chemical Biochemical & Environmental Engineering Department (CBEE) at UMBC as well as collaborators, released a transcript in bioRxiv, titled: “An approach to rapid distributed manufacturing of broad spectrum anti-viral griffithsin using cell-free systems to mitigate pandemics”.
The study details a way for swiftly and effectively synthesizing a protein with broad-spectrum activity. The protein, known as griffithsin, can now be made using either a plant-based or microbial cell-free technology in less than 24 hours and is effective against viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 in vitro.
The production process is effective and scalable, and its quality and purity have been confirmed using accepted regulatory metrics. Being able to quickly deploy it anywhere in the world to aid in containing viral outbreaks at their source makes it a crucial tool for pandemic mitigation. The development of viral variants has resulted in frequent updates to current vaccines and decreased efficacy of some monoclonal antibody treatments, making proteins like griffithsin a potential asset to the suite of antiviral therapies.
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