Women in STEM continue to rise over the years, a much-needed change for the future

Tithi Prajapati, Krisha Pandya, Kalina Kostova

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About the Authors

Tithi Prajapati is a rising undergraduate sophomore pursuing a Bioinformatics and Computational Biology degree at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. She is a Meyerhoff Scholar at UMBC. Her program supports the mission of increasing the number of Ph.D. for minorities in the STEM field. Being part of such a program, and her dedication to obtaining a Ph.D., she has decided to get research experience to learn the skills and techniques which will be critical in her educational journey. She started working in the Center of Advanced Sensor Technology (CAST) because she found that CAST had various projects where she could learn various skills, both biological and technological, which are fit for her major. She enjoys working with CAST and being part of such a diverse and welcoming group. Being here only for a short time so far, she has learned multiple things -- working on the nitrate absorbance data, CO₂ sensor, and creating microfluidic chips -- and she can't wait to expand her knowledge.

Krisha Pandya is a rising high school senior at Franklin High School, Baltimore County. An avid member of the Science Olympiad chapter at her school, she has found a passion for STEM over the three years of her participation there. She was introduced to CAST this summer and has assisted in several projects, under the guidance of amazing mentors. Krisha has worked with the time to conduct trial experiments for CO₂ sensors and nitrate testing in tap water and DI samples. She now looks forward to planning her next academic year, applying to colleges.

Kalina Kostova is a rising freshman in high school, attending Centennial High School in Howard County, Maryland. While she might not have much experience in the STEM field, she has always been curious about it and is eager to expand her knowledge. During her internship at CAST, she helped collect nitrate absorbance data. Kalina is very grateful for everything she was taught by her mentors and for their responsiveness to any issues she faced during this experience. She is interested in pursuing a career in STEM in the future and looks forward to working with others in similar fields.

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I. Introduction to STEM

STEM is an acronym grouping together fundamental interdisciplinary principles: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. It is a commonplace term pertinent to the conversation of the various technical undergraduate degrees and career possibilities today.

To understand the situation in STEM, we interviewed a few women in STEM. In the interview, they all gave similar responses to the question, "how do you maintain a good balance between your personal and professional life?"

Revati Kadolkar, a graduate student at the University of Maryland-Baltimore County said, "it is a challenge."

Like the other interviewees, she describes that the gender gap is very much prominent and that the household duties do eventually take a toll. Kadolkar positively affirms the importance of consistency though -- women must enable themselves to be consistent through their work to create their impact. 

III. A Need for Representation 

STEM fields have been primarily male-dominated, despite some developments in the 20th and 21st centuries[1]. From an MIT study, in 2023, the percentage of women in the STEM workforce comes to a marginal 28% around the world. When comparing statistics of other big nations specifically, we see that the United States has 24%, European Union has 17%, Japan has 16%, and India has 14% women in the STEM workforce [3]. Hence, not just in the US, this is a worldwide problem. Women are largely seen working lower-level administration positions at lower pay rates than their male counterparts.

Statistics show women in healthcare comprise 80% of total employment, but a closer look at the statistics evidences only 21% of this population holds upper executive positions even in healthcare [6]. Women are much less likely to have stature enabling them as authoritative figures responsible for decision-making and upper management. Their skill sets are undermined evident by the continual absences of more women in the engineering and computational science areas, and surgery. 

In an interview with Dr. Sadhika Jamisetti, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at UT Southwestern Medical Center, she points out, "In terms of female to male ratio, we actually have more females, because I'm in family medicine, but if you get out of family medicine and you go to different specialties, like surgical, especially surgical, might not see as many women...". She still believes there is hope, and aspires that one day there will be more women in STEM. Excelling in multiple specialties, not confined to just one. 

Dr. Prerna Joshi, working more at the technical forefront, also feels similarly. A senior scientistelectrochemistry at Xerion Advanced Battery Corp in Ohio, she says, "In the field of electrochemistry I have not seen more women, they either go in biology as in pursuing medicine or in chemistry as in polymer related things but they don't usually go towards the physics kind of field in science." But she too hopes that this problem will be fixed soon.

Women are more involved in the social standpoint of the world. They are more likely to read blogs, make up a huge audience of social media content readers, and generally they tend to stay more engaged in world affairs than men [4]. Having such strong involvement adds value to their perspective and their activeness and dedication proves to be of significant value towards the society. A strong attribute of females that STEM cannot put away. Not just females, diversity in STEM is critical as a whole.

IV. Diversifying the Demographics 

When seeking a solution to challenges and problems faced, the lack of diversity in STEM acts as a barrier. Increasing diversity in the STEM field will bring new ideas and creativity, which will only help foster more development within STEM. This development is only possible when multiple perspectives are taken into account. STEM should be more inclusive of minority groups including not just women, but marginalized racial groups and children.

With the many opportunities and career choices today, lies the future of the new generation. This new generation needs to be informed on how they can contribute to the advancement and progression of their lives by being part of STEM. Diversifying STEM is diversifying an ideology that promotes stronger collaboration and unity. 

Dr. Sai Kiran Mani, how she found her way

"It's amazing how different minds think differently. [It makes for] a dynamic environment."

As postdoctoral fellow at UMBC, Dr. Sai Kiran Mani focuses her research on the development of low-cost and effective sensors for water samples, specifically nitrate sensor. She is a strong believer that passion drives an individual and firmly stands for collaboration in the workspace.

According to her, having mentors and experts who are willing to give their guidance helps alleviate the pressure of benchwork in STEM.

Dr. Preety Ahuja, on why she chose STEM 

Dr. Preety Ahuja is an Assistant Research Scientist at UMBC with a Ph.D. in Electrochemistry from the University of Delhi, India. A reputed member of the Center for Advanced Sensor Technology (CAST) here at UMBC and as a mother, Dr. Ahuja has shifted her research focus to the development of non-invasive room-temperature CO2 monitors for neonates.

Dr. Ahuja decided she wanted to make safer sensors that would not be irritable to newborns with sensitive skin. Current CO₂ sensors for newborn care are within the temperature ranges of 44-45 degrees Centigrade; these temperatures are extreme for younger children, especially neonates [7]. 

In her statement, she mentions she wanted to do this for her daughter. She has first-hand witness of the technologies used for neonate care and opines that huge improvements are needed within healthcare especially on technologies for postnatal and neonatal care. She aspires to initiate the change through CAST. 

At CAST, she has the freedom to be able to begin her project. The reason Dr. Ahuja was able to do this is because she had the opportunity to do so -- something not many women have access to.

Dr. Pegah Rezaei, on her journey to the US

Dr. Pegah Rezaei has been part of the CAST team at UMBC. She described her experience in Medical School in Turkey, where medical students from neighboring countries would come to Turkey to study. She realized the differences in medical advancement even between borders, not everyone has the same access to medicine. 

To explore this, she got interested in research, and came to the US to start her post doctorate after medical school. As part of her research, she has been working on developing the CO2 monitoring device relevant to the escalating opioid crisis. 

These three women with three different backgrounds yet they come together to work in a lab in another country. Together they continue to show their knowledge and motivation towards research by being strong leaders in their respective fields, working towards the creation of low-cost and highly effective sensors such as nitrate and CO2 sensors.

V. Conclusion

There are fewer women relative to men in STEM. Even fewer minority-based women. There is a need for regulation in underdeveloped policies and agendas which facilitates a culture where women are discredited and remain segregated in the opportunities they are given to succeed. To say the least, America has yet to cross the 50% benchmark but there is still change to come about, slowly but surely. 

VI. Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Venkatesh Srinivasan, the Assistant Professor at CAST, for giving us the opportunity to write this paper and for setting up interviews. We would like to extend our appreciation to the interviewees, Dr. Preeti, Dr. Sai Kiran Mani, Dr. Sadhika, Dr. Joshi, Dr. Pegah, and Revati Kadolkar. They have all been a great source of inspiration for us.

We lastly extend our gratitude to Dr. Govind Rao, the Director and Chairman of CAST, who has welcomed us to be a part of the CAST team. Thank you. 

VII. References

1. Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). EPA. https://www.epa.gov/perspectives/whyrepresentation-matters-girls-and-women-stem

2. Filed in Employment Trends Data and Technology Career Information By: Emily Krutsch, V. R. - N. 4. (n.d.). Stem day: Explore growing careers. DOL Blog. https://blog.dol.gov/2022/11/04/stem-day-explore-growing-careers 

3. The gender gap in Stem. MIT Professional Education. (2023, July 12). https://professionalprograms.mit.edu/blog/leadership/the-gender-gap-in-stem

4. Posts. (2022, March 2). The importance of women in STEM: Why diversity matters. Her Culture. https://www.herculture.org/blog/2022/3/2/the-importance-of-women-in-stem-whydiversity-matters

5. Special topics annual report: Women in the stem. US EEOC. (n.d.). https://www.eeoc.gov/special-topics-annual-report-women-stem

6. The stem gap: Women and girls in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. AAUW. (2022, March 3). https://www.aauw.org/resources/research/the-stem-gap/

7. Use of transcutaneous CO2 monitoring in NICU (May 2019). (n.d.). https://www.ashfordstpeters.net

Photo credit: Tithi Prajapati. Krisha Pandya, Kalina Kostova and Tithi Prajpati (From left to right)

Data efficiency, i.e., learning from small datasets, is of practical importance in many real-world applications and decision-making systems. Data efficiency can be achieved in multiple ways, such as probabilistic modeling, where models and predictions are equipped with meaningful uncertainty estimates, Bayesian optimization, transfer learning, or the incorporation of valuable prior knowledge.  In this talk, I will focus on how robot learning can benefit from data-efficient learning. In particular, I will motivate the use of Gaussian process models for learning good control strategies in three different settings: model-based reinforcement learning, transfer learning, and Bayesian optimization.

Professor Marc Deisenroth is the DeepMind Chair of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence at University College London, Deputy Director of the UCL Centre for Artificial Intelligence, and part of the UNESCO Chair on Artificial Intelligence at UCL. He also holds a visiting faculty position at the University of Johannesburg. Marc co-leads the Sustainability and Machine Learning Group at UCL. His research interests center around data-efficient machine learning, probabilistic modeling and autonomous decision making with applications in weather, nuclear fusion, and robotics.  Marc was Program Chair of EWRL 2012, Workshops Chair of RSS 2013, EXPO Chair at ICML 2020, Tutorials Chair at NeurIPS 2021, and Program Chair at ICLR 2022. He is an elected member of the ICML Board. He received Paper Awards at ICRA 2014, ICCAS 2016, ICML 2020, AISTATS 2021, and FAccT 2023.

Host: Prof. Cynthia Matuszek

Date: Wednesday, October 18, 2023

Time: 12-12:50pm

Location: MP 101

Sponsored by the Office of Undergraduate Research

Questions? aprilh@umbc.edu

Applicants must attend this session to apply. Contact April Householder at aprilh@umbc.edu for more information.

There are some donuts and coffee by the OCSS Desk. Come say hello to the desk staff and grab a treat.

Name: Sanjida Shehrin

Pronouns: she/her

Semester of Internship: Summer 2023

Major: Computer Science

Current Class Level: Junior

This semester I completed a(n)...: Internship 

Internship, Co-op, or Research Site (Company/Organization Name): BGE

Location of the Organization (City, State): Baltimore, MD

Title of position: Contract Management Intern

During my internship, I had the privilege of working at BGE. My role primarily involved collaborating, attending team meetings, networking, and learning different skills. I was continuously learning and developing new skills related to data management and Power BI, which were essential for my role. A very important part of my internship was networking. BGE organized events which allowed me to meet people ranging from those who work in the field to the company CEO. Building professional relationships within the organization allowed me to learn from experienced colleagues and mentors.

The process of obtaining my position was fairly smooth. I first learned about the opportunity at a scholars event held in October. During the event, I had the chance to connect with representatives from the organization and gain a deeper understanding of the role and its requirements. Intrigued by the position, I decided to submit my resume shortly after the event. In January, I received a positive response, and I was invited to participate in a phone interview. This interview served as an important step in the selection process, allowing me to discuss my qualifications, experiences, and enthusiasm for the position with the hiring team.

Student Organizations/Scholar Groups

During my internship at BGE, I had the opportunity to work with the contract management group, and what I enjoyed most about my position and the organization was the chance to gain hands-on experience in the corporate field. It allowed me to apply the theoretical knowledge I had acquired in my studies to real-world situations. Additionally, I appreciated the supportive and collaborative environment at BGE, where I had the chance to learn from experienced professionals who were always willing to mentor and guide me. Overall, the combination of practical experience and the positive work culture made my time at BGE both enjoyable and educational.

During my internship at BGE, I believe I made a meaningful impact through my involvement in organizing the safety expo. This event played a crucial role in promoting safety awareness and best practices within the organization. By coordinating various aspects of the expo, such as planning the schedule, arranging informative sessions, and ensuring the event ran smoothly, I helped create an environment where employees and contractors could learn and engage with safety topics.

The advice I would give another student who is seeking an internship is to utilize their personal and professional networks to seek out potential internship leads. Attend career fairs, join relevant student organizations, and connect with professionals on platforms like LinkedIn.

My internship not only allowed me to apply classroom knowledge to the real world but also opened doors to new experiences and connections. Earning internship credit was a tangible validation of my growth, and the guidance from the Career Center was invaluable in shaping my career path.

With traditional election technologies, voters have little choice but to trust that others will curate and count their votes properly. They must trust their local election officials; they must trust the equipment that they use and, by extension, the vendors who built and programmed the equipment; and they must trust numerous other individuals and processes of which they may not even be aware. Even with hand-counted paper ballots, individual voters can observe at most a tiny fraction of the process and must trust others to ensure that the election tallies are correct. We can do better.  This talk will show how "end-to-end verifiability" can be used in elections to enable voters to confirm for themselves that their votes have been accurately counted -- without having to trust any software, hardware, or personnel. This strategy is not just an academic exercise. Systems have been built and piloted in actual elections, and there is reason to be optimistic about broader deployments in the near future.

Josh Benaloh is the Senior Principal Cryptographer at Microsoft Research and an Affiliate Professor in the Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington. His 1987 doctoral dissertation, "Verifiable Secret-Ballot Elections," introduced the use of homomorphic encryption to enable election verifiability, and he has published and spoken extensively on election technologies and systems. Dr. Benaloh is an author of numerous studies and reports including the 2015 U.S. Vote Foundation report on "The Future of Voting," the 2018 U.S. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine report "Securing the Vote -- Protecting American Democracy," and a 2022 report on the feasibility of Internet voting by the Goldman School of Public Policy of the University of California at Berkeley. He currently chairs the over 200-member Election Verification Network and is the principal designer of Microsoft's free, open-source ElectionGuard toolkit which is being used by numerous vendors to incorporate end-to-end verifiability into their election systems.

Host: Alan T. Sherman, sherman@umbc.edu, Support for this event was provided in part by the National Science Foundation under SFS grant DGE-1753681. 

Link to the slides: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/14VEQrW7YACnWnGDaUW7OhaT-_XkHdqoT/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=105800554076671257173&rtpof=true&sd=true

Link to the notes: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IoKGHzsBuHFjW_EQiDwxMl-sOvIos-1HhWvQJfCAeuU/edit?usp=sharing